折扣零售商致胜之道
<本译文来自长发乱舞的翻译博客>

Value retailers like Wal-Mart, Target and Costco were once largely known as the destination for the monthly stock-up trip. But today, they have penetrated the routine weekly shop.
沃尔玛（Wal-Mart）、塔吉特（Target ）和好市多（Costco）等折扣零售商，一度被当作月度采购备货之胜地而广为人知；而今天，它们已潜移默化地发展为消费者每周例行采购的好去处。

Their strong consumer proposition has created a virtuous cycle for value formats. The growth in both traffic and basket size has given them much higher sales productivity (i.e., sales per square foot). This higher sales productivity results in very attractive store-level economics, which, in turn, lets value players reinvest some of their surplus returns into even lower prices and, contrary to popular wisdom, more labor hours in the store. This, of course, results in improved in-stocks, better merchandise presentation, and thus an even more compelling shopping experience for consumers, leading to even higher sales productivity.
这些折扣零售商牢固的消费者理念为其平价模式创造出一种良性循环。客流量与消费者需求量的双双增长令其获得更高销售率（每平方英尺销售量），更高销售率令店面更加兴旺，更兴旺的店面反过来促使折扣零售商将其富余收入进行再投资，以获取更低价格。但与大众认识不同的是，店面营业时间延长（由于店面的兴旺景象）带动库存增加，商品摆放更佳，从而为消费者带来非常愉悦而深刻的购物体验，并由此令销售率更进一步增长。

Specifically, this cycle enables value retailers, when compared to more traditional competitors, to have lower gross margin percentages (lower prices), but higher gross margin per square foot. Likewise, these value retailers have significantly lower selling costs as a percent of sales (well beyond advantages conferred by lower wage rates), but more FTEs per square foot (more labor hours in the store). Over time, this virtuous cycle will place increasing pressure on traditional retailers who lack similar sales productivity levels, leading to diminishing service and presentation and/or an increasing gap in pricing, reinforcing value players’ consumer advantage.
坦率地讲，这种良性循环令折扣零售商与传统竞争对手相比，毛利率更低（因为折扣零售商的价格更低），但每平方英尺毛利率却更高。同时，折扣零售商的销售成本占销售额的百分比显著降低（这远比降低员工工资以降低销售成本的方法好），但却收获了更高的每平方英尺FTE（更长的营业时间）。假以时日，这种良性循将对无法达致相当销售率水平的传统零售商带来越来越大的压力，令服务、产品陈列及/或价格上的差距进一步加剧，从而强化了折扣零售商的消费者优势。

THE 3 DOMESTIC OPERATORS WON OVER BY FREEVER
3家（法国）国内运营商通过FREEVER赢得市场

<本译文来自长发乱舞的翻译博客>

At a time when growth of Internet usage via mobile phones is delayed by technology still under development, operators are focussing on selling customised services with high added value to strengthen their market share. The goal is to generate additional traffic, but also to build user loyalty by providing customised content in addition to voice communications.
曾几何时，手机上网业务的增长受制于技术的不成熟，运营商们使尽浑身解数出售其高附加值的定制服务，以巩固其市场份额。目标是通过提供语音通讯之外的定制服务内容产生额外流量，同时构建用户忠诚度。

For the first time in France, France Telecom, Bouygues Telecom and SFR subscribers are able to cross over, meet and chat in groups on their mobiles using SMS thanks to Freever.
由于Freever的诞生，在法国还是头一次，法国电信（France Telecom）、布依格电信(Bouygues Telecom)与无线通信公司（SFR）的用户能够跨越不同网络，用手机短信（SMS）建成组群并进行群聊。

<本译文来自长发乱舞的翻译博客>

Is it safe to live close to radiofrequency transmitters?

Operators of radio stations are required to ensure that the levels of electromagnetic radiation of their radio transmitters including those on rooftops in residential areas are within the limits stipulated in the Code of Practice. Despite densely-packed transmitters on some rooftops in residential areas, therefore, the buildings are absolutely safe to live in.

居住在射频发射装置附近安全吗？

无线电站运营商要能确保其无线电发射装置、包括居民住宅楼顶的发射装置的电磁辐射水平，在上述《执行条例》规定的范围内。因而，尽管一些居民区屋顶的发射装置密密麻麻，居住在这些建筑内仍是绝对安全的。

What does the "Radiation Hazards" warning sign refer to?

In some radio sites, you may see warning signs like this one in Figure 1. This sign us used to mark an area where members of the public should not enter because the electromagnetic fields within the area may exceed the limits recommended by the ICNIRP. Outside the marked area, however, we may continue to enjoy normal access.

“辐射危险”警示标志是什么意思？

在一些无线电站，您会看到图1所示的警示标志。这个标志用于标记电磁辐射水平可能超过ICNIRP建议范围的区域，公众不应进入该区域；但是在标记区域外，公众仍可正常出入。

The “Specific Absorption Rate” applicable to hand-held mobile phones

Human exposure to radiofrequency radiation from hand-held mobile phones is generally evaluated using the Specific Absorption Rate (S.A.R.) which is a measuring scale of the rate at which radiofrequency energy is actually absorbed per kilogramme of tissue in a human body. The S.A.R. is usually expressed in “watts per kilogramme” (W/kg). In consultation with the Department of Health, OFTA has adopted the widely accepted S.A.R. limits of the ICNIRP and the American National Standards Institute/Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (ANSI/IEEE). The S.A.R. limits of the ICNIRP and the ANSI/IEEE applicable to hand-held mobile phones are 2 W/kg and 1.6W/kg respectively. As their methods and procedures of measurement are different, the S.A.R. values determined in accordance with the ICNIRP and the ANSI/IEEE cannot be compared directly. Despite the difference, the health and safety protection determined by the S.A.R. limits of the ICNIRP and the ANSI/IEEE are largely the same.

手机的“比吸收率”有什么意义？

通常用“比吸收率”（S.A.R.）来评估人体暴露于手机射频辐射下的水平。S.A.R.测量人体每千克实际吸收射频能量的比率，一般用“瓦特每千克”（W/kg）表示。OFTA咨询卫生署后，采用广泛认可的ICNIRP与美国国家标准研究所/电子与电工研究所（ANSI/IEEE）规定的S.A.R.上限，分别为2W/kg与1.6W/kg。由于测量方法与程序不同，这两种标准确定的S.A.R.值不能直接比较。尽管存在差异，ICNIRP与ANSI/IEEE规定的S.A.R.上限值在健康与安全方面的保障大致相同。

Is it safe to use hand-held mobile phones?

Because of the low power of transmission, a hand-held mobile phone generates only a small amount of radiation. Many studies have concluded that there is no evidence that mobile phones bring hazards to health when used under normal operating conditions. In order to assure the consumers that the mobile phones they use comply with the internationally accepted safely standards on radiofrequency radiation, from 1 April 2003 onwards, all models or types of mobile phones to be type-approved by OFTA must comply with the S.A.R. limits of the ICNIRP or the ANSI/IEEE. Suppliers and manufacturers are encouraged to affix prescribed labels to their mobile phones which have passed the evaluation by OFTA against existing specifications and the S.A.R. standards (see figure 2).

使用手机安全吗？

由于采用低功率传输方式，手机产生的辐射非常少。很多专家断定，尚无证据证明以正常状态使用时手机会对健康带来危害。为了确保公众使用的手机符合国际承认的射频辐射安全标准，从2003年4月1日起，想要通过OFTA型号准入的所有类型或型号的手机，必须符合ICNIRP或ANSI/IEEE规定的S.A.R.范围。鼓励供应商与生产商在其手机上粘贴已通过OFTA现有规定及S.A.R.标准的标签（见图2）。

What else do we need to know?

●    Labeling of mobile phones is not compulsory

●    Since some mobile phones may not carry the label, it is not a must that we use only those with the label

●    If you want to be sure that the phone that you get meets the technical specifications set by OFTA, choose one with the label

●    A list showing the S.A.R. values of mobile phones which have been type-approved by OFTA is available on OFTA's web site: www.ofta.gov.hk

我们还需注意什么？

●    该标签并非强制粘贴

●    某些手机可能未粘贴标签，并非一定要使用粘贴该标签的手机

●    若您想要确保您的手机符合OFTA规定的技术指标，请选择粘贴该标签的手机

●    您还可登录OFTA网站www.ofta.gov.hk，查看已通过OFTA型号准入的手机及其S.A.R.值清单

<本译文来自长发乱舞的翻译博客>

Are there any rules concerning radiation hazards and the installation of radio systems?
OFTA has prepared a "Code of Practice for the protection of Workers and Members of Public Against Non-Ionizing Radiation Hazards from Radio Transmitting Equipment" for those who design or operate radio systems and for those who work at radio sites. The Code of Practice gives guidance for the protection of  workers and the public against radiofrequency electromagnetic fields so as to provide a safe and healthy working environment under all normal conditions. Radio system designers, radio site operators and maintenance personnel are required to observe the Code of Practice in the design, construction, installation, maintenance and operation of radio systems. A copy of the Code of Practice may be downloaded from the OFTA web site at www.ofta.gov.hk.
是否有管理辐射危害与无线电系统安装的相关规定？
OFTA已针对无线电系统设计与运营人员、无线电站工作人员，制定了《保护工作人员与公众免受无线电发射装置非电离辐射危害执行条例》。该执行条例包括防止工作人员与公众免受射频电磁场危害的指引，目的是设法为大家提供安全健康的工作环境。无线电系统设计师、无线电站运营及维护人员在无线电系统的设计、建筑、安装、维护及运营中，都要遵守该条例。您可通过OFTA网站下载该执行条例电子版：www.ofta.gov.hk 。

Know more about...
Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Radiation
射频电磁辐射小常识

<本译文来自长发乱舞的翻译博客>

More and more people are using wireless services these days. You may be using a mobile phone and have noticed more radio installations in various places, too. People ask:” Is exposure to the radiation generated by these devices or installations hazardous to health?” Now that's a smart question! Radiation generated from mobile phones and radio installations is radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation which we may come across very often in our daily lives. Here, we have prepared some more information for you.
Do remember:
Stay Informed. Be a Smart Tele-Consumer!
在当今社会，使用无线服务的人越来越多。很多人在使用手机，并注意到很多场所双安装了无线电设备。您可能有这样的疑惑：“暴露在这些设备和装置产生的辐射中，是否会对健康有害呢？“在这个无线联网的世界，这当然是一个聪明的问题！手机与无线电装置产生的幅射属于射频电磁辐射，这种辐射在我们的日常生活中经常接触到。我们在这里为您准备了一些相关的小知识。
希望大家
加强电讯常识，做个精明用户！

Where can electromagnetic radiation be found?
Electromagnetic radiation comes in various ways. Fields of electric and magnetic energy emitted from both natural and manmade sources are all around and within us. Lightning is one example of such natural sources. Manmade sources include:

• microwave ovens
  automobiles on the road
  medical equipment
  computers
  wireless local area networks
  cordless phones
  light dimmers at home
  mobile phones
  radars
  radio and TV broadcasting transmitters
  satellite communicators
  anti-theft systems in shops
  radio-controlled toys

电磁辐射存在于什么地方？
电磁辐射的来源有各种途径。我们的周遭和我们人体之间皆布满天然辐射源和人造辐射源所发出的电场与磁场能量，闪电即是天然辐射源中的一种。人造辐射源包括：

• 
  微波炉
  行驶中的汽车
  医疗设备
  计算机
  无线局域网
  无绳电话
  家庭灯光亮度调节器
  手机
  雷达
  无线电与电视广播放射器
  卫星通讯装置
  商店防损系统
  无线电遥控玩具

Is radiofrequency radiation hazardous to health?
Over the past few decades, a number of independent and authoritative panels have conducted studies on the effects of radiofrequency radiation on health. Conflicting results are shown in their reports and as no concrete scientific evidence has been found to confirm whether radiofrequency radiation brings hazards to health, no definite conclusions can be drawn.
As a safety precaution, the Office of the Telecommunications Authority (OFTA) has adopted the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection Guidelines (the "ICNIRP guidelines") published in 1998 on limits of exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields  in the frequency range up to 300 GHz for the protection of workers and the public against non-ionizing radiation hazards.
射频辐射对人体健康有害吗？
过去数十年来，一些独立的权威组织组成专家组专门研究射频辐射对人体的影响，而报告结果却有矛盾，而且，由于未发现可以确切证明射频辐射会影响健康的具体科学证据，因而也无法得出确定的结论。
为了保障安全，OFTA（香港电讯管理局）采用1998年发布的ICNIRP（国际非电离幅射防护委员会指引），规定人体暴露在射频电磁场时承受上限为300GHz，以保障相关工作人员与公众免受非电离辐射的危害。

长发乱舞2007-10-22

Knowledge and Economic Growth
知识与经济增长

<本译文来自长发乱舞的翻译博客>
2007-9-6

Starting as low-income economies in the 1960s, a few economies in East Asia managed, in a few decades, to bridge all or nearly all of the income gap that separated them from the high-income economies of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Meanwhile many other developing economies stagnated.
从20世纪60年代起，一些低收入经济体，包括东亚范围内的一些经济体，在短短几十年间，跨越了所有或几乎所有使其与OECD（经济合作与发展组织）高收入经济体相区分的收入差距。而在此期间，很多其它发展中经济体却停滞不前。

What made the difference? One way to grow is by developing hitherto unexploited land. Another is to accumulate physical capital: roads, factories, telephone networks. A third is to expand the labor force and increase its education and training. But Hong Kong (China) and Singapore had almost no land. They did invest heavily in physical capital and in educating their populations, but so did many other economies. During the 1960s through the 1980s the Soviets Union accumulated more capital as a share of its gross domestic product (GDP) than did Hong Kong (China), the Republic of Korea, Singapore, or Taiwan (China). And it increased the education of its population in no trivial measure. Yet the Soviets generated far smaller increases in living standards during that period than did these four East Asian economies.
是什么造成了这种差异？经济经长的方式之一是开发迄今尚未开发的土地，之二是积累道路、工厂、通讯网络等有形资产。第三种方式是增加劳动力并加强其教育与培训。然而香港（中国）和新加坡几乎没有可用于开发的土地，他们大力投资于有形资产和国民教育上，而很多其它经济体也是这样做的。在20世纪60年代到80年代间，与香港（中国）、韩国、新加坡及台湾（中国）相比，苏联积累了更多国内生产总值（GDP）份额资本，而其追加于国民教育的投资也并非微不足道的一点点。而在此期间，苏联的生活标准增幅远小于这四个东亚经济体。

Perhaps the difference was that the East Asian economies did not build, work, and grow harder so much as they build, worked, and grew smarter. Could knowledge, then, have been behind East Asia’s surge? If so, the implications are enormous, for that would mean that knowledge is the key to development—that knowledge is development.
也许差别在于：东亚国家在建设、管理和发展其经济方面，与其说苦干了，不如说巧干了。也许知识，正是东亚腾飞的根本原因？如果确实如此，这将带给我们极大的启示，因为这意味着，知识是发展的关键——知识就是发展。

How important was knowledge to East Asia’s growth spurt? This turned out no to be an easy question to be answered. The many varieties of knowledge combine with its limited marketability to present a formidable challenge to anyone seeking to evaluate the effect of knowledge on economic growth.
知识对于东亚经济腾飞到底有多重要呢？这似乎不是一个容易回答的问题。知识的多样性及其有限的可销售性，对那些想要评估知识对经济增长之影响的人来说，构成难以应对的挑战。

学习心理学的理由之一
<本译文来自长发乱舞的翻译博客>
2007-9-4

One reason for studying psychology is to help you deal with your children.
Perhaps your daughter refuses to go to bed when you want her to and bursts into tears at the least mention of ″light out″.A little knowledge of psychology will come in handy. Offer her a choice of staying up until 7∶30 with you or going upstairs and playing until 8∶00.Since she gets to make the choice, she does not feel so powerless and will not therefore resist.
Psychology is also useful in rewarding a child for a job well done. Instead of telling your 10-year-old son what a good boy he is when he makes his own bed, tell him how neat it looks, how happy you are to see it, and how proud of him you are for doing it by himself. The psychology book will tell you that being a good boy is much harder to live up than doing one job well.
学习心理学的理由之一是帮助你处理你的孩子们的问题。也许，你想让女儿上床睡觉时，她却不想上床睡觉，并且当你轻轻提及“关灯”时，她难过地哭出了眼泪。心理学小知识将助你轻松化解此事。给她选择的机会：要么和你一起呆到7：30，要么自己上楼玩到8：00。由于她自己同意进行选择，就不会有非常无助的感觉，也不会因此产生抗拒。
心理学还可以助你在孩子很好完成工作后进行恰当的奖励。在你十岁的儿子把自己的床铺整理好后，不要告诉他他是一个多么乖的孩子，而应告诉他床看起来多么整洁，看到这些你多么开心，以及你多么为他感到自豪，因为他自己完成了这件事。心理学书籍会告诉你，背负“做一个乖孩子”的重负去生活，远比做好一项工作困难地多。

哈佛演讲
<本译文来自长发乱舞的翻译博客>
2007-9-4

校长先生,
女士们，先生们：
    我感谢陆登庭校长(President Rudenstine)的邀请，使我有机会在这美好的金秋时节，来到你们这座美国古老而又现代化的学府。
哈佛建校三百六十年来，培养出许多杰出的政治家、科学家、文学家和企业家，曾出过六位美国总统，三十多位诺贝尔奖获得者。先有哈佛，后有美利坚合众国，这说明了哈佛在美国历史上的地位。

Mr. President, ladies and gentlemen,
I am appreciated the invitation of President Rudenstine, it let me have the chance to come here, the olden and modern university of America, in the beautiful golden autumn.
Through three hundred and sixty years from its founded, Harvard has brought up many outstanding politician, scientists, litterateurs, enterprisers, as well as six President of America and more than thirty winners of the Nobel Prize. Harvard founded first, the United of America founded later. It describes the position of Harvard in American history.

Swiss scientist：Find extraterrestrial life
By BRADLEY S. KLAPPER, Associated Press Writer
Thu Apr 26, 6:29 PM ET

瑞士科学家：寻找地外生命
美联社记者BRADLEY S. KLAPPER
4月26日 星期四下午6：29（美国东部时间）<本译文来自长发乱舞的翻译博客
2007-9-3

GENEVA - Swiss scientist Michel Mayor, who heads the European team that announced the discovery of a new potentially habitable planet, has his sights set on an even bigger target, detecting signs of extraterrestrial life.
[日内瓦报道]瑞士科学家米歇尔·梅杰（Michel Mayor）率领欧洲天文研究团队曾宣布发现一颗新的可能适合居住的行星，现在，他正将目光投向一个相当重大的领域：探测地外生命存在的迹象。

Mayor predicts that top researchers are less than two decades away from being able to detect real signs of such life — if it exists.
梅杰预测说，一流的科学家们将在不到20年的时间内，直接探测到生命存在的真实迹象——如果外星生命确实存在的话。

"There's only one thing we can do. We can do science, we can do experiments. We have the methodology, the ability to do this simply on science, so let's do it," the University of Geneva scientist said Wednesday.
这位日内瓦大学科学家星期三如此说道：“我们能做的只有一件事，那就是研究和实验。我们有方法论，有完全依靠科学办事的能力，所以，我们只需勇往直前，放开手去做。”

Mayor, who was credited in 1995 with co-finding the first planets outside our solar system, said the scientist in him was unsure of the presence of other life forms in our universe. "But, personally, I feel comfortable with the idea of life existing elsewhere," the 65-year-old said in a telephone interview with The Associated Press.
梅杰因在1995年共同发现首个太阳系外行星而闻名。他说，他所领导的研究团队对宇宙中是否存在其它生命形式不很确定。“然而，我个人对于存在地外生命的想法非常神往。”这位65岁的老人在美联社（The Associated Press）电话采访时如此说道。

Leading astronomers are describing the discovery of the new planet as a big step in the search for life in the universe because it is just the right size, might have water in liquid form, and in galactic terms is relatively nearby at 120 trillion miles away.
前沿天文学家们将该新行星的发现誉为地外生命研究的一大步，它是唯一大小正合适、可能存在液态水、并且是在银河系内距我们相对近一点的星球——120万亿英里。

But there is still a lot that is unknown about the new planet, named 581 c, discovered by the European Southern Observatory's telescope in La Silla, Chile. The telescope, which Mayor helped design, has a special instrument that splits light to find wobbles in different wave lengths, revealing the possible existence of other worlds.
然而，这颗被命名为581c的新行星仍有许多未解之谜。该行星是欧洲南方天文台(European Southern Observatory)通过望远镜在智利拉西拉（La Silla，Chile）发现的，梅杰协助设计了这架望远镜。这架望远镜配备有特殊的光分离器，可以发现各种波长的光的抖动，从而发现其它可能存在的天体。

"It is an absolutely fantastic instrument with great precision," Mayor said, but added that the planet's diameter, atmospheric makeup and contents have yet to be confirmed.
“这架望远镜精确度极高，完全称得上超凡脱俗。”梅杰说道，同时又补充说该行星的直径、大气成份及构成尚未确定。

Stephane Udry, the discovery team's lead author also based in Geneva, speculated that the new planet is probably full of liquid water, but conceded that he bases the conjecture on how planets form, not on any evidence.
该研究团队的首要发起人斯蒂芬·尤迪（Stephane Udry）也居住在日内瓦，推想这颗新行星可能具有十分丰富的液态水，但他承认，目前尚无任何实际的证据，这只是基于该行星的形成而做出的大胆假设。

Mayor said many more planets meeting scientists' requirements for habitability would be found, but that that the most significant short-term discovery would be that of a low-mass planet even more similar to Earth. 581 c is about five times heavier than our planet, but is still the smallest found exoplanet, or one that is outside our solar system.
梅杰说，将有很多符合科学家对可居住性要求的行星被发现，但最为重大的短期发现为该与地球极为类似的小型行星的发现。581c约为地球的5倍重，但仍是目前发现的最小的外行星（或者说太阳系外的行星）。

Switzerland, which takes pride in its achievements in engineering and biotechnology, feted the role of Mayor and Udry in the discovery.
以工程与生物方面的杰出成就而闻名于世的瑞士对梅杰和尤迪的发现给予了表彰。

"Swiss scientist discovers new Earth," the Zurich-based tabloid Blick declared next to a picture of Udry. The daily Tribune de Geneve also praised the scientists, but couldn't help taking a shot at the world's traditional leaders in the study of the cosmos。
苏黎世报纸《Blick》在尤迪的照片旁宣布：“瑞士科学家发现新地球”。《日内瓦论坛报》(Tribune de Geneve)也赞扬了科学家们，同时含沙射影地讥讽了一下一向自恃为宇宙研究领头人的美国。

"American scientists recently estimated that the discovery of an exoplanet
resembling the Earth would probably take 20 years," it wrote. "The Europeans didn't wait for them."
该报如此写道：“美国科学家最近预测到，发现类似于地球的外行星可能需要20年，但欧洲人不等他们了。”

Mayor predicted that NASA's Terrestrial Planet Finder and the European Space Agency's Darwin satellite would make increasingly significant contributions in the search for extraterrestrial intelligence.
梅杰推测说，对于研究地外智慧生物，NASA（美国国家航空和航天局）的类地行星探测器（Terrestrial Planet Finder）和欧洲航天局（European Space Agency）的达尔文号人造卫星（Darwin satellite）将发挥越来重要的作用。

He said these institutions will be able to directly look for "signatures of life" on other planets, similar to the high presence of oxygen in our atmosphere, within 15 to 20 years.
他说，这些机构可在15到20年内，直接在具有大气成份与地球类似、且含氧丰富的行星上直接寻找“生命存在的迹象”。

<本译文来自长发乱舞的翻译博客>

Since then, Novell has turned itself into a play on Linux, the open-source operating system that's gaining market share both in the corporate arena and among makers of consumer electronics. It's a remarkably ambitious strategy, which has produced a rapid -- and to some extent, unexpected -- turnaround. After doing two major acquisitions to build its Linux portfolio and coming up with what at least one analyst calls a "clear roadmap" for moving its NetWare customers to Linux, Novell is winning credibility as a Linux player.

Turn a kid on to embedded systems
By Jack Ganssle
将年轻人引入嵌入式系统
作者：Jack Ganssle

<本译文来自长发乱舞的翻译博客>

In February I wrote about the difficulty kids have in learning about electronics and embedded systems and of the greater problem of getting them excited by this field. In the olden days electronics was somewhat more accessible; it was possible to build something of value using a handful of transistors or integrated circuits in packages that mortal fingers could manipulate. Today's fine-pitch SMT parts defy even the nimblest fingers. And amateur radio, long a breeding ground for people fascinated with technology and the thrill of long-distance communication, has lost ground as cell phones and instant messages connect all continents for practically no cost.
二月份，我写到了年轻人在学习电子技术和嵌入式系统上存在的困难，以及使他们对这个领域产生兴趣所面临的更大困难。以前，电子技术是某种更易身体力行的东西：利用一把晶体管或一些封装起的、用手指即可娴熟操作的集成电路（IC），就能做出有用的东西。而如今，精良的SMT器件甚至令最灵巧的手指也一无用处。长期以来，业余无线电一直令人们为科技的力量而深深着迷，为远距离通讯的实现而兴奋震颤，不愧称之为“摇篮”；而现在，移动电话、即时通讯工具以几乎无需成本即能连接五大洲，业余无线电顿失地盘。

The field has changed a lot over my 30-year career. In the '70s and '80s most of the engineers I knew did, as now, love the field. Though all wanted better pay, there was little of the bitterness that pervades the industry today.
在我30年的职业生涯中，这个领域发生了日新月异的改变。在70和80年代，大多数我认识的工程师，就像现在一样，热爱这个领域。虽然大家也曾希望拥有更好的薪酬，却极少有今日业界所普遍的诸多烦恼。

Though engineering may never offer the lifetime employment it once did, I believe there will always be opportunities for motivated people. So if you see a kid who is fascinated by your scope or who's wondering what makes a TV work, nurture that person. When they want to learn more, mentor. Here are some resources that we can use to get young folks excited about the field.
尽管工程师作为职业不再像以往那样，可以从事终生，而我相信机会总会留给有准备的人。所以，若你看到一个年轻人被你的工作深深吸引，或者对于电视机是如何工作的非常好奇，那么，培养他吧。如果这些年轻人想了解更多，那么就教导他们吧。这里有一些资源，我们可以利用这些资源促使年轻人对这个领域发生兴趣。

One of the best introductions to microcontrollers and embedded systems is free from Freescale. Or Motorola. The book's title page lists both names though the URL is Freescale's. "MC68HC05 Family, Understanding Small Microcontrollers" is a well-written 300+ page tome that I highly recommend.
关于微控制器与嵌入式系统的最佳指引之一是来自飞思卡尔或称摩托罗拉的免费教材。该书扉页罗列了飞思卡尔和摩托罗拉两个名称，而URL链接到飞思卡尔“利用MC68HC05系列理解小型微控制器”（MC68HC05 Family, Understanding Small Microcontrollers）。这是一个写地非常好的300多页的册子，在此我向大家强力推荐。

If a young 'un expresses interest in radio, check out Ward Silver's Ham Radio for Dummies. This easy-to-read, completely nontechnical book tells anyone from age 8 to 80 how to get a ham license. Better, Ward shows why the hobby is so much fun.
如果年轻人对收音机有兴趣，请阅读Ward Silver编著的《傻瓜玩转收音机》（Ham Radio for Dummies）一书。这本书十分易读、完全不涉及技术， 8至80页告诉读者如何获得业余无线电许可证。而且，作者WARD说明了为何这项爱好如此充满乐趣。

On the other side of the spectrum is the "ARRL Handbook," published every year by the American Radio Relay League.
关于该领域还有《ARRL手册》（ARRL Handbook），美国无线电转播联合会（American Radio Relay League）每年印刷年版。

Or get the "Engineer's Mini-Notebook for the 555 Timer." In just 32 pages legendary Forrest Mims III explains this classic timer chip and gives two dozen easy-to-build projects, including a metronome, organ, and LED flasher. You can build most of these circuits in under an hour and get cool audio or visual effects.
或者，你还可以读《555计时器工程师迷你笔记》（Engineer's Mini-Notebook for the 555 Timer）。仅用32页文字，Forrest Mims III以极吸引人的笔触对这款经典计时器芯片给予解释，并给出两打易于构建的项目，包括节拍器、风琴、及LED闪光灯。大多数电路你在1小时内即可构建，并且可收获很不错的音视频效果。

While many are content to lose themselves in a book, most young people prefer action. Engineering will never offer Star Wars' space battles, but plenty of inexpensive development kits offer all the capability needed to build simple systems that do real things.
当很多人迷失于书本时，大多数年轻人更乐于积极行动。工程师虽然永远也负担不起《星球大战》（Star Wars）的空间电池，但充足的、并不昂贵的开发套件，已可提供建构简单的、可以实际应用的系统所需的所有功能。

Remember your first crystal radio? I was 10 and wound wire around a toilet paper tube to form the inductor. Those were indeed the olden days so the only "active" element was a galena crystal grazed by a wire whisker. The thrill of picking up an AM station in the earpiece is something I still remember.
还记得你做的第一台晶体管收音机吗？我10岁时，在卫生纸卷筒上绕上电线，做成电感器。那确实发生在过去的岁月，所以，我唯一的“行动”是利用金属须晶轻轻擦过硫化铅晶体。当我接收到AM信号时，不禁欣喜若狂，至今仍记忆犹新。

Many engineers started off as hams. But sophisticated radios can cost thousands putting the hobby out of the reach of kids. But it turns out that kids like code. They practice pig Latin and other forms of popular encryption. Often they're entranced with Morse code, which is much easier to learn than one might think, especially with a young uncalcified brain. Small Wonder Labs (www.smallwonderlabs.com) sells complete Morse code transceivers in kit form for as low as $55!
很多工程师开始结束业余无线电爱好。然而，复杂的无线电动辄花费数千元，令年轻人望而却步。但年轻人们已开始喜欢编码。他们可以编pig Latin及其它形式的流行密码。通常，他们从莫尔斯电码（Morse）入门，尤其对于年轻人不太周密的大脑而言，莫尔斯电码甚至比想象中更简单易学。Small Wonder Labs (www.smallwonderlabs.com)以套件形式出售完整的Morse电码收发器，价格低至55美元。

Dean Kamen, inventor of many things including the Segway (I'm dying to try one of these!) started FIRST (www.usfirst.org), an international organization devoted to helping young people become excited about science and engineering. Some 14,000 professionals mentor kids and help them in robotics competitions. Winners get 200 scholarships valued at an average $25,000. Losers have a fantastic time building robots, working with their peers, and learning a lot of new things. Check out the web site to see if there's a local team.
Dean Kamen，有很多项包括Segway（我已老地没有时间再试其中任何一项了！）在内的发明，发起了一个叫做FIRST(www.usfirst.org)的国际组织，以帮助年轻人对理工发生兴趣。约14，000位专业顾问辅导年轻人，并在机器人竞赛中给予协助。优胜者们分走了200个平均价值为25，000美元的奖学金。未获奖者与他们的同伴一起度过构建机器人的美好时光，从中学习到很多新知识。登录该网站，即可了解在您当地是否有这样的组织。

And then get involved, either with FIRST or by sharing your passion with an interested kid. Make a difference in one young person's life.
重要参与。无论是通过FIRST组织，还是与感兴趣的年轻人一起分享您对嵌入式系统的激情，都将为这些年轻人的生活涂上一抹斑斓的色彩。

Jack G. Ganssle is a lecturer and consultant on embedded development issues. He conducts seminars on embedded systems and helps companies with their embedded challenges. Contact him at jack@ganssle.com.
Jack G. Ganssle，嵌入式开发领域演讲人与顾问。他将研讨会引入嵌入式系统，并协助企业应对嵌入式领域内的挑战。联系方式：jack@ganssle.com。

Samsung makes 'first' 1Gbit mobile DRAM
Posted : 04 Jan 2007

English: http://www.eetasia.com/ART_8800447869_499486_699bf675200701.HTM

三星推出业界“首款”1GB移动DRAM内存
发布时间：2007-1-4

<本译文来自长发乱舞的翻译博客>

Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd has developed what it touts as the industry's first 1Gbit mobile DRAM for mobile products, using 80nm process technology.
三星电子开发出号称业界首款的1GB移动DRAM内存。该产品采用80nm工艺制程，适用于移动产品。

This chip, also known as low-power DDR or synchronous DRAM, will be more cost effective than other high-density mobile solutions and used for a wide range of advanced handset applications as well as for digital still cameras, portable media players and portable gaming products, said Samsung.
三星宣称，该芯片也即大家所熟悉的低功耗DDR或同步DRAM，比其它高密度移动存储器成本功效更高，可适用于范围宽广的高端手机及数码相机、便携媒体播放器及便携游戏机。

Competitive choice
有竞争力的选择

The monolithic 1Gbit Mobile DRAM is a highly competitive choice for mobile applications over the double-die stack, 1Gbit memory solution widely used today, as the electric current in the new chip drops a full 30 percent.
由于新芯片的电路少了整整30%，在双裸片堆栈、1GB内存广泛使用的今天，单片式1GB移动DRAM内存在手机应用中更具竞争力。

This DRAM chip uses the same packaging technique as the 512Mbit double-die stack 1Gbit package, however, it introduces a new temperature-sensing feature. This new temperature-compensated, self-refresh feature maximizes the self-refresh cycle to reduce power drain in standby mode by 30 percent over conventional memory chip designs.
DRAM芯片采用与512MB双裸片堆栈1GB封装相同的封装技术，而新增了温度感测功能。这种新增的温度补偿、自动升级功能令自动升级周期最大化，且与传统存储芯片设计相比，标准模式下的功耗减少了30%。

Single, high-density package
单片式、高密度封装

Also offering a more compact form factor, the 1Gbit Mobile DRAM chip is at least 20 percent thinner than a multistack package of 512Mbit dies, allowing a single high-density package solution of 1.5Gbit or even 2Gbit Mobile DRAM memory, for which market demand is expected to grow this year. The 1Gbit mobile DRAM also can be combined with flash memory in multichip packaging including package-on-package designs.
在外形指标更紧凑的同时，1GB移动DRAM芯片比多堆栈封装的512MB裸片至少薄20%，从而可实现在高密度单芯片上封装1.5GB甚至2GB移动DRAM内存，而市场对1.5GB与2GB产品的需求预计今年会增长。1GB移动DRAM还将闪存结合入多芯片封装，包括封装上封装（package-on-package）设计。

Samsung plans to mass produce the new device beginning Q2 2007 at a time when demand for high-density 1Gbit mobile DRAM is expected to be very high.
三星计划从2007年第二季开始大批量生产该新款器件，预计此时市场对高密度1GB移动DRAM的需求极高。